Oleo Hydraulics And Pneumatics

Vickers Hydraulic Pump

Common rail

History

The common rail system prototype was developed in the late 1960s by Robert Huber of Switzerland and the technology further developed by Dr. Marco Ganser at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, later of Ganser-Hydromag AG (est.1995) in Obergeri.

The first successful usage in production vehicle began in Japan by the mid-1990s. Dr. Shohei Itoh and Masahiko Miyaki of the Denso Corporation, a Japanese automotive parts manufacturer, developed the common rail fuel system for heavy duty vehicles and turned it into practical use on their ECD-U2 common-rail system mounted on the Hino Rising Ranger truck and sold for general use in 1995. Denso claims the first commercial high pressure common rail system in 1995.

Common rail fuel system close up

Modern common rail systems, whilst working on the same principle, are governed by an engine control unit (ECU) which opens each injector electronically rather than mechanically. This was extensively prototyped in the 1990s with collaboration between Magneti Marelli, Centro Ricerche Fiat and Elasis. After research and development by the Fiat Group, the design was acquired by the German company Robert Bosch GmbH for completion of development and refinement for mass-production. In hindsight the sale appeared to be a tactical error for Fiat as the new technology proved to be highly profitable. The company had little choice but to sell, however, as it was in a poor financial state at the time and lacked the resources to complete development on its own. In 1997 they extended its use for passenger cars. The first passenger car that used the common rail system was the 1997 model Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD, and later on that same year Mercedes-Benz C 220 CDI.

Common rail engines have been used in marine and locomotive applications for some time. The Cooper-Bessemer GN-8 (circa 1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail.

Vickers used common rail systems in submarine engines circa 1916. Doxford Engines Ltd. (opposed piston heavy marine engines) used a common rail system (from 1921 to 1980) whereby a multi-cylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure of approximately 600bar with the fuel being stored in accumulator bottles. Pressure control was achieved by means of an adjustable pump discharge stroke and a "spill valve". Camshaft operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors which injected through the side of the cylinder into the chamber formed between the pistons. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder and the final series of constant pressure turbocharged engines were fitted with four injectors per cylinder. This system was used for the injection of both diesel oil and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature of approximately 130C).

The common rail system is suitable for all types of road cars with diesel engines, ranging from city cars such as the Fiat Nuova Panda to executive cars such as the Volvo S80.

Common rail today

Today the common rail system has brought about a revolution in diesel engine technology. Robert Bosch GmbH, Delphi Automotive Systems, Denso Corporation, and Siemens VDO (now owned by Continental AG) are the main suppliers of modern common rail systems. The car makers refer to their common rail engines by their own brand names:

BMW's D-engines (also used in the Land Rover Freelander TD4)

Cummins and Scania's XPI (Developed under joint venture)

Cummins CCR (Cummins pump with Bosch Injectors)

Daimler's CDI (and on Chrysler's Jeep vehicles simply as CRD)

Fiat Group's (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD (also branded as MultiJet, JTDm, Ecotec CDTi, TiD, TTiD , DDiS, Quadra-Jet)

Ford Motor Company's TDCi Duratorq and Powerstroke

General Motors Opel/Vauxhall CDTi (manufactured by Fiat and GM Daewoo) and DTi (Isuzu)

General Motors Daewoo/Chevrolet VCDi (licensed from VM Motori; also branded as Ecotec CDTi)

Honda's i-CTDi

Hyundai-Kia's CRDi

Land Rover's "Storm" TD5 derived from the Rover L-Series engine

Mahindra's CRDe

Mazda's MZR-CD (1.4 MZ-CD, 1.6 MZ-CD manufactured by joint venture Ford/PSA Peugeot Citron)

Mitsubishi's DI-D (recently developed 4N1 engine family uses next generation 200 MPa (2000 bar) injection system))

Nissan's dCi

PSA Peugeot Citron's HDI or HDi (1.4HDI, 1.6 HDI, 2.0 HDI, 2.2 HDI and V6 HDI developed under joint venture with Ford)

Renault's 'dCi

SsangYong's XDi (most of these engines are manufactured by Daimler AG)

Subaru's Legacy TD (as of Jan 2008)

Tata's DICOR

Toyota's D-4D

Volkswagen Group: The 4.2 V8 TDI and the latest 2.7 and 3.0 TDI (V6) engines featured on current Audi models use common rail, as opposed to the earlier unit injector engines. The 2.0 TDI in the Volkswagen Tiguan SUV uses common rail, as does the 2008 model Audi A4. Volkswagen Group has announced that the 2.0 TDI (common rail) engine will be available for Volkswagen Passat as well as the 2009 Volkswagen Jetta.

Volvo 2.4D and D5 engines (1.6D, 2.0D manufactured by Ford and PSA Peugeot Citroen), Volvo Penta D-serie engines

Principles

Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuel atomisation. In order to lower engine noise the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting, and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke.

Common rail engines require no heating up time[citation needed] and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older systems.

Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include the unit injection system and the distributor/inline pump systems (See diesel engine and unit injector for more information). While these older systems provided accurate fuel quantity and injection timing control they were limited by several factors:

They were cam driven and injection pressure was proportional to engine speed. This typically meant that the highest injection pressure could only be achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection pressure decreased as engine speed decreased. This relationship is true with all pumps, even those used on common rail systems; with the unit or distributor systems, however, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a single pumping event with no accumulator and thus the relationship is more prominent and troublesome.

They were limited on the number of and timing of injection events that could be commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and costly to achieve.

For the typical distributor/inline system the start of injection occurred at a pre-determined pressure (often referred to as: pop pressure) and ended at a pre-determined pressure. This characteristic results from "dummy" injectors in the cylinder head which opened and closed at pressures determined by the spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the injector reached a pre-determined level, the plunger would lift and injection would start.

In common rail systems a high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure up to and above 2,000 bars (29,000 psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that all of the fuel injectors are supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel injectors with high pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high pressure pump in that it only has to maintain a commanded pressure at a target (either mechanically or electronically controlled). The fuel injectors are typically ECU-controlled. When the fuel injectors are electrically activated a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump, and plumbing are sized properly, the injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events.

See also

Gasoline Direct Injection

Unit Injector

Unit pump

Turbocharged Direct Injection

Fuel filter

Water sensor

References

^ "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2". Jsae.or.jp. http://www.jsae.or.jp/autotech/data_e/10-8e.html. Retrieved 2009-04-29. 

^ "Diesel Fuel Injection". http://www.denso.com.au/products/aftermarket_automotive_components/diesel_fuel_injection. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 

^ "Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker". economist.com. Apr 24th 2008. http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11090197. Retrieved 2008-05-01. 

^ "New Powertrain Technologies Conference". autonews.com. http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

^ . http://www.doxford-engine.com/engines.htm. 

^ 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Test Drive: Clean Diesel 50 MPG Meets Prius-Humbling Thrust - Popular Mechanics

^ (multistroke injection) See BMW 2009 Brochure for 3 series

External links

This animation explains the common rail's functioning

Categories: Diesel engines | Engine fuel system technologyHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008
About the Author

I am a professional editor from
China Manufacturers
, and my work is to promote a free online trade platform.
http://www.cheaponsale.com/ contain a great deal of information about

1960's costumes
,
pvc bra

welcome to visit!

Vickers And Supermarine $13.99 Vickers And Supermarine

The Vickers Wellington $8.99 The Vickers Wellington

Vickers Wellington $6.99 Vickers Wellington

Air/Hydraulic Foot Pump $498.95 With shop air as the energy source, this pump has the power and oil capacity (80 cu. in. usable oil) to drive even the large 55-ton rams. It is an ideal all-around power source for dozens of body, frame, and alignment applications. It can be used with a variety of rams, presses, and hydraulic pullers operating at up to 10,000 PSI. An internal relief valve protects the hydraulic components regardless of hydraulic pressure. In addition, a two-stage release mechanism gives fast or metered ram return while reducing hydraulic shock. These pumps require 9 c.f.m. at 100 PSI air pressure at the pump. Develops 10,000 PSI at 100 PSI air pressure. 3/8'' NPTF oil port. 98 cu. in. usable oil capacity in plastic reservoir. Wt., 15 lbs., 3 oz.

OTC Stinger Air/Hydraulic Pump $304.95 ? Pump operates on shop air (40-100 PSI/ 9 scfm con-sumption), driving a variety of sgl. acting rams, presses, and hydraulic pullers operating at up to 10,000 PSI? Internal relief valve protects the hydraulic components regardless of hydraulic pressure? Two-stage release mechanism gives fast or metered ram return while reducing hydraulic shock? Pump, hold or release load with foot lever control? Reservoir capacity is 105 cu. in. (98 cu. in. usable)

Yvette Vickers $7.99 Yvette Vickers - Photo

Vickers Wellesley $24.99 Vickers Wellesley - Photographic Print

Vickers Bombers $24.99 Vickers Bombers - Photographic Print

Vickers Planes $24.99 Vickers Planes - Photographic Print

Hydraulic Water Pump For a Fountain, Codex Atlanticus, 1478-1518 $49.99 Leonardo da Vinci Hydraulic Water Pump For a Fountain, Codex Atlanticus, 1478-1518 - Giclee Print

Garmin 2-LITER Pump Kit F/ Hydraulic Steer 0101109700 $946.49 Garmin 2-LITER Pump Kit F/ Hydraulic Steer 0101109700

OTC OTC2510A Stinger Air/Hydraulic Pump $400.05 Pump operates on shop air (40100 PSI/ 9 scfm consumption) driving a variety of sgl. acting rams presses and hydraulic pullers operating at up to 10 000 PSI. Internal relief valve protects the hydraulic components regardless of hydraulic pressure. Twostage release mechanism gives fast or metered ram return while reducing hydraulic shock. Pump hold or release load with foot lever control. Reservoir capacity is 105 cu. in. (98 cu. in. usable).

2007 D&D 8 Hydraulic Pump Package $3000 John Deere 4045 Engine, Single Axle Trailer Chassis, Pintle Ring. Seller's Comments: Power Unit, Pump Head, & Hydraulic Line Set

2007 D&D 6 Hydraulic Pump Package $3000 John Deere 4045DF270 Engine, Single Axle Trailer Chassis, Pintle Ring. Seller's Comments: Power Unit, Pump Head, & Hydraulic Line Set

Hydraulic RAM $70.1 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one hydraulic head (pressure) and flowrate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulichead and lower flowrate. The device utilizes the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of lowhead hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of water. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 84 Publication Date: 2010/07/28 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.20 inches

Xa11 - Hydraulic Pump $929.17 [277-XA-11] Truck Delivery

Cobra Hydraulic Ram, Pump And Hose Set $842.95 This versatile set is usable in a wide variety of hydraulic power applications. Combines our No. 4026 Cobra air/hydraulic power unit, hose and hose half coupler with the No. 4089 Cobra 10-ton hydraulic ram with 10 1/8'' stroke. Ram has threaded collar, internal base threads, and threaded piston rod end for mounting adaptability.By OTC.

Vickers Gun-Bus $39.99 Vickers Gun-Bus - Giclee Print

Vickers Wellesley Bomber $14.99 Vickers Wellesley Bomber - Premium Poster

Vickers-Armstrong Plane $39.99 Vickers-Armstrong Plane - Giclee Print

Porto-Power Air/Hydraulic Foot Pump - 10 Ton $546.95 ? Includes hydraulic hose, mounting base plate ? 10,000 PSIBy Blackhawk Automotive.

Hydraulic Elevating Carts $441.59 Hydraulic elevating carts minimize bending and lifting with hydraulics. Ergonomic to reduce strenuous bending. Materials, tools and heavy equipment can easily be loaded onto the hydraulic cart, lowered to a safe transporting height, and raised to unload. Foot pump includes a soft-lowering down valve. Moves on 4 polyurethane casters - 2 swivel with brakes and 2 rigid. Choose from 4 models - each model has an internal hydraulic velocity fuse in each cylinder. Hydraulic elevating carts also vary by scissor type (single or double foot pump speeds).

Vickers Vimy, Biplane, 1919 $24.99 Vickers Vimy, Biplane, 1919 - Photographic Print

Vickers Machine Gun $24.99 Robert Hunt Vickers Machine Gun - Photographic Print

Therapet Hydraulic Grooming Table $349.99 Therapet Hydraulic Grooming Table This Hydraulic Grooming Table is made with the Professional Groomer in mind. This sturdy table, made of steel tubing and steel sheet, features a 36" bolted grooming arm made of tubular steel. Pump is hydraulic including solid steel bar and adjustable screw. Table also includes a 100% polyester grooming Loop. Superior quality at a very affordable price! Features: . Built to last for years of grooming . Textured rubber surface for safety and comfort . Adjusts vertically 29"-39" with use of foot pump Item Specifications: Size: Top: 36"L x 24"W Weight Limit: 300 lbs. Color: Grey ***Cannot Ship Free to Canada***

OTC Air/ Hydraulic Pump. Each $468.41 Manufacturer: OTC. Each. Features Benefits: With shop air as the energy source, these pumps have the power and oil capacity (80 cu. in. usable oil) to drive even the large 55-ton rams. They are ideal all-around power sources for dozens of body, frame,

Pa-133 - 10000 Air Hydraulic Pump $801.71 [277-PA-133] UPC: 66200510000 12 LB

SIMRAD 21118237 RPU160 Reversible Pump Drive Unit Hydraulic Steering Systems $1300.37 RPU160 Drive UnitHydraulic steering systems are now being used in every category of small vessel. In many respects hydraulic steering is preferable to mechanical steering. Hydraulic systems normally comprise of two main components a steering wheel pump and steering cylinder(s). The steering wheel pump may be either a gear pump or a plunger pump. Which ever type is installed steering is achieved by turning the steering wheel in either direction causing oil from the wheel pump to be supplied to the appropriate side of the cylinder. Oil is returned via the opposite side of the cylinder back to the pump.The linear motion of the cylinder rod is transformed to a rotary motion by the tiller which turns the rudder shaft and rudder. Check valves (nonreturn valves) are usually incorporated to prevent the rudder driving the steering wheel pump. If an autopilot is to be included in such a hydraulic steering system then the oil flow providing the rudder movement must be controlled by electrical signals from the autopilot. The maximum flow rate of RPU160 is 1.6 l/min respectively measured at a pressure of 10 bar with nominal voltage (12vdc) on the motor terminals. Product : SIMRAD RPU160 REVERSIBLE PUMP 21118237 Manufacturer : SIMRAD Manufacturer Part No : 21118237 UPC : 809190000094

Vickers Plc $78.07 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Vickers plc was the remainder of VickersArmstrongs after the nationalisation of three of its four operating groups: aviation (as a 50 share since 1960 of British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) in 1977), shipbuilding (Vickers Limited Shipbuilding Group in 1977) and steel. It was purchased by RollsRoyce plc in 1999, and the Vickers company name became defunct in 2004. In 1980, Vickers plc acquired RollsRoyce Motors. This was not Vickers first involvement with RollsRoyce. In 1966, RollsRoyce Limited (the original aeroengine and motor car company) acquired Bristol Aeroplane for its Bristol Siddeley engine business, but declared it had no interest in Bristols 20 shareholding in BAC; Vickers Armstrong and English Electric (EE) each having 40 of BACs shares. Despite this declaration RollsRoyce had still not disposed of its BAC stake when the former was declared bankrupt in 1971. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2011/04/11 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.18 inches

OTC OTC2510A Stinger Air Hydraulic Pump $400.05 Features and Benefits:. 10 000 PSI air/hydrualic pump. Internal relief valve. Two stage release mechanism. Pump hold or release load with pedal control. 98 cu. in. usable capacity. 3/8 NPT oil port.

JET 331406 HP-5A, 5-Ton Hydraulic Shop Press $1049 5-Ton Hydraulic Shop Press - 331406. (2) Bed Plates & Pump Handles. Auxiliary Handle Press - HP-60